Introduction: Cochlear dead zones are defined as areas where the inner hair cells have been destroyed.THRESHOLDs on the audiograms show the integrity of those parts of the ear that are tested. Care must be taken in interpretating audiograms. Thanks to the advances in understanding of cochlear functions, it is now possible to spot false responses that come from dead zones of the cochlea. Recently, cochlear dead regions have been detected via TEN (THRESHOLD Equalizing Noise) test in which ipsilateral broadband noise and THRESHOLD shifting are used.Materials and Methods: A review of the literature on the subject of dead zones published from 1993 to 2003 was performed using Pubmed, Ebsco, Science Direct, Google Scholar Thieme ProQuest databases and library sources. key word: were "cochlear dead zone", "traveling wave", "ten (THRESHOLD equalizing noise) test", "ipsilateral noise" and "real-ear measurement for hearing aids prescription".Conclusion: Hearing aids fitting process for patients with severe and sloping sensory neural hearing loss must be noted specially by amplifying active zone and avoiding amplification for dead region i.e., offering amplification to the transition frequencies that have better hearing than others, those among the fine regions and the dead zones. Dead zone detection may help in hearing aids fitting and fine tuning.

Value at risk and expected SHORTFALL are the two most popular measures for calculating financial risk. To calculate these measures (Value at risk and expected SHORTFALL) there are many approaches, which can be divided into two main categories; parametric and non-parametric. In parametric approach it is supposed that the distribution of asset return belongs to a specific class of distributions. For some distributions we can claculate easily the mentioned measures. In this paper the the relation of epected SHORTFALL has been proved for four symetric distribution.

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the model which tests the relations among compelled non-use of information (CNI) and its components with the intolerance of uncertainty (IU). Methodology: The survey method was used. ACNI questionnaire was designed based on a comprehensive literature review. A sample of Mashhad University PhD and M.Sc. students (214 cases) participated in the study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for the data analysis.Findings: The impact of demographic variables such as gender, areas of study, and academic degree on CNI and IU was not significant. The hypothesis concerning the relationship between variables and the impact of cognitive factors on CNI was also verified. IUS in participants was more than the average level. Findings also revealed that the Subject; Cognitive approach to this topic; and the method used for the data analysis (SEM) in the KNOWLEDGE and information discipline has not been used extensively.

Purpose: Many examples of the non-use of information can be seen among the different classes of people and even in our own profession. Thus the study of non-use of information and independent of use of information is very important. The aim of this paper is to introduce this type of information behavior.Methodology: This paper is a conceptul research based on an analytical critical approach.Findings: Presents and discusses Houston's taxonomy of conditions leading to compelled non-us of information (CNI). It also explains the cognitive barriers leading to this behavior, and helps to IS professionals for better understand of it. Thereby, contributes to the development of theoretical and practical aspects of the discipline. Conclusion: Understanding of CNI as an independent behavior and identifying the type of it and conditions that leading to it is necessary for all especially for IS professionals. It is also necessary to identify factors that influence this behavior, helping them as much as possible to drive this behavior out of compulsion ad unavoiadable conditions, and reduce it in themselves and their users.